OWL Consistency Models in Smart Contracts Design
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i2.1258Keywords:
Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies, Software engineering, Semantic Web, Smart Contracts, Formal VerificationAbstract
Smart Contracts are stored and executed on a Blockchain network, thereby automatically enforcing the predefined rules once the execution conditions are satisfied. Hence, if the contract incorporates contradictory design rules, it may result in unforeseen outcomes within the blockchain environment. Accordingly, this proposal models the rules embedded in a Smart Contract through the Web Ontology Language (OWL), by applying the formal definition of consistency within a verification framework grounded in Description Logics.
Smart citations: https://scite.ai/reports/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i2.1258
Dimensions.
Open Alex.
References
Amani, S., Bégel, M., Bortin, M., & Staples, M. (2018). Towards verifying Ethereum smart contract bytecode in Isabelle/HOL. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs (CPP ’18) (pp. 66–77). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3167084
Antonopoulos, A. M., & Wood, G. (2018). Mastering Ethereum: Building smart contracts and DApps. O’Reilly Media.
Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D. L., Nardi, D., & Patel-Schneider, P. F. (Eds.). (2007). The description logic handbook: Theory, implementation and applications (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Bai, X., Cheng, Z., Duan, Z., & Hu, K. (2018, February). Formal modeling and verification of smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 2018 7th international conference on software and computer applications (pp. 322-326).
Chang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Yang, L., Zhu, K., Chen, H., Yi, X., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Ye, W., Zhang, Y., Chang, Y., Yu, P. S., Yang, Q., & Xie, X. (2024). A survey on evaluation of large language models. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 15(3), Article 39, 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3641289
Christidis, K., & Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and smart contracts for the Internet of Things. IEEE Access, 4, 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339
El Ioini, N., & Pahl, C. (2018). A review of distributed ledger technologies. In R. Meersman et al. (Eds.), On the move to meaningful internet systems. OTM 2018 conferences (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11230, pp. 277–288). Springer.
Guo, Z. (2025). Blockchain-enhanced smart contracts for formal verification of IoT access control mechanisms. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 118, 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.12.109
Horrocks, I., Sattler, U., & Tobies, S. (1999). Practical reasoning for expressive description logics. In H. Ganzinger, D. McAllester, & A. Voronkov (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Logic for Programming and Automated Reasoning (LPAR’99) (pp. 161–180). Springer.
Jiang, B., Liu, Y., & Chan, W. K. (2018). ContractFuzzer: Fuzzing smart contracts for vulnerability detection. In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2018) (pp. 259–269). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3238147.3238177
King, J. C. (1976). Symbolic execution and program testing. Communications of the ACM, 19(7), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1145/360248.360252
McGuinness, D. L., & van Harmelen, F. (2004, February 10). OWL Web Ontology Language overview (W3C Recommendation). World Wide Web Consortium.
Nam, W., & Kil, H. (2022). Formal verification of blockchain smart contracts via ATL model checking. IEEE Access, 10, 8151–8162. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3143145
Nikolić, I., Kolluri, A., Sergey, I., Saxena, P., & Hobor, A. (2018). Finding the greedy, prodigal, and suicidal contracts at scale. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC ’18) (pp. 653–663). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274694.3274743
Pérez-Gaspar, M., Gomez, J., Bárcenas, E., & Garcia, F. (2024). A fuzzy description logic based IoT framework: Formal verification and end user programming. PLOS ONE, 19(3), e0296655. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296655
Pressman, R. S., & Maxim, B. R. (2014). Software engineering: A practitioner’s approach (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Rouhani, S., & Deters, R. (2019). Security, performance, and applications of smart contracts: A systematic survey. IEEE Access, 7, 50759–50779. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2911031
Sillaber, C., & Waltl, B. (2017). Life cycle of smart contracts in blockchain ecosystems. Datenschutz und Datensicherheit – DuD, 41(8), 497–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11623-017-0819-7
Sommerville, I. (2015). Software engineering (10th ed.). Pearson.
Soto Corderi, S. del M. (2025). Especificación formal de un protocolo criptográfico de intercambio de información entre blockchains (Tesis de maestría, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de la Computación). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Sun, Y., Wu, D., Xue, Y., Liu, H., Wang, H., Xu, Z., Xie, X., & Liu, Y. (2024). GPTScan: Detecting logic vulnerabilities in smart contracts by combining GPT with program analysis. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE ’24) (Article 166, pp. 166:1–166:13). Association for Computing Machinery.
Szabo, N. (1996). Smart contracts: Building blocks for digital markets. Extropy, (16).
Wood, G. (s. f.). Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger (Yellow Paper) (Versión consultada en el PDF de ethereum.github.io). https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf
Yaga, D., Mell, P., Roby, N., & Scarfone, K. (2018). Blockchain technology overview (NIST Interagency/Internal Report NISTIR 8202). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Zheng, P., Jiang, Z., Wu, J., & Zheng, Z. (2023). Blockchain-based decentralized application: A survey. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society, 4, 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2023.3251854
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.