Mitigating Gender-Based Risks in Last-Mile Logistics through GPS Tracking and Safety Intervention for Female Delivery Workers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i1.1183Keywords:
última milla, mujeres repartidoras, sistemas de rastreo, sostenibilidad, logística 5.0Abstract
The perception of insecurity among women represents an obstacle to their participation in the last-mile delivery sector. A survey of approximately 100 women was conducted to establish a diagnosis, with 85.4% identifying the risk of experiencing harassment or violence during delivery activities as a determining factor when considering this type of employment. Various commercially available GPS devices were analysed, leading to the selection of one with low operating costs and a combination of technical and functional characteristics considered appropriate for delivery activities. In addition, a protocol for assisting female delivery workers was proposed. The proposal includes indicators intended to assess social and economic impact, with the aim of supporting increased female participation. The results suggest that the implementation of tracking technology could mitigate the perception of insecurity and may contribute to the development of safer and more inclusive work environments.
Smart citations: https://scite.ai/reports/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i1.1183
Dimensions.
Open Alex.
References
Alba Vega, C., & Aparicio López, R. (2022). Las mujeres repartidoras por plataformas digitales en la Ciudad de México durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. En Género en América Latina: homenaje a Barbara Potthast (pp. 213–232).
Alba Vega, C., Bensusán, G., & Vega, G. (2024). El trabajo del futuro con derechos laborales: Diagnóstico y estrategia de política pública para el reconocimiento de derechos laborales de las personas trabajadoras por plataformas digitales en la Ciudad de México. Consejo Económico, Social y Ambiental de la Ciudad de México. https://ces.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/publicaciones2020/Estudio_derechos_laborales.pdf
Alcántara, A. D. T., Balbuena, R. B. H., Catapang, V. B., Catchillar, J. P. M., De Leon, R. E. P., Sanone, S. N. A., Juarizo, C. G., Sison, C. C., & García, E. A. (2023). Internet of things-based smart helmet with accident identification and logistics monitoring for delivery riders. In Proceedings of the 10th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications (MDPI Proceedings, 58, Article 129). https://doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-10-16238
AngelSense. (2025). AngelSense GPS tracker. https://www.angelsense.com
Banco Mundial. (2020). La participación laboral de la mujer en México. Banco Mundial. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/753451607401938953/pdf/La-Participacion-Laboral-de-la-Mujer-en-Mexico.pdf
Barba, D. (2023). Los protocolos de seguridad en el transporte. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/los-protocolos-de-seguridad-en-el-transporte-david-barba/
Bouncie. (2025). Bouncie GPS device. https://bouncie.com
Boysen, N., Fedtke, S., & Schwerdfeger, S. (2021). Last-mile delivery concepts: A survey from an operational research perspective. OR Spectrum, 43(1), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-020-00607-8
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. In International encyclopedia of education (Vol. 3, pp. 37–43).
Caballero-Gil, P., Caballero-Gil, C., & Molina-Gil, J. (2018). Ubiquitous system to monitor transport and logistics. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (pp. 71–75). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3243046.3243049
CarLock. (2025). CarLock – Advanced car tracking & alert system. https://carlock.co
Carreño, A. (2018). Cadena de suministro y logística. Fondo Editorial de la PUCP.
Centro de Estudios Legislativos para la Igualdad de Género. (2025). Análisis de los retos y pendientes que se enfrentan en la Ciudad de México en materia de igualdad de género y acceso a las mujeres a una vida libre de violencia en el marco de la nueva Ley General de Movilidad y Seguridad Vial. Congreso de la Ciudad de México. https://genero.congresocdmx.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Analisis-de-los-Retos-en-Materia-de-Movilidad-desde-la-Perspectiva-de-Genero.pdf
Congreso de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. (2006). Ley General para la Igualdad entre Mujeres y Hombres. Diario Oficial de la Federación. https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/LGIMH.pdf
Cortez Oviedo, P. S., Ibañez Canelo, M. J., Brossi, L., & Castillo Hinojosa, A. M. (2023). Resistencias sobre ruedas: Experiencias de mujeres y disidencias en apps de reparto. Revista Pensum, 9(10), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.59047/2469.0724.v9.n10.40582
Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2018). Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production: The case of Mexico (Policy Research Working Paper No. 136522). World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/754451556803462951/pdf/Macroeconomic-Costs-of-Gender-Gaps-in-a-Model-With-Entrepreneurship-and-Household-Production-the-Case-of-Mexico.pdf
Díaz, M., & Aparicio, R. (2024). Mujeres trabajadoras en plataformas digitales: Ganarse la vida entre la precariedad y las desigualdades de género. Estudios Sociológicos de El Colegio de México, 42, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.24201/es.2024v42.e2706
Fraszczyk, A., & Piip, J. (2019). A review of transport organisations for female professionals and their impacts on the transport sector workforce. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 31, 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2019.100379
GetApp. (2025). Quartix vehicle tracking: Pricing & features. https://www.getapp.com/operations-management-software/a/quartix/pricing/
Gevaers, R., Van de Voorde, E., & Vanelslander, T. (2014). Cost modelling and simulation of last mile characteristics in an innovative B2C supply chain environment with implications on urban areas and cities. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 125, 398–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1483
Gonzalez, K., Kurshitashvili, N., Gonzalez Carvajal, K., & Pickup, L. (2023). Closing gender gaps in transport. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/40850
Hopkins, D., & Akyelken, N. (2022). MotherTruckers? The gendered work of freight and logistics. En T. Wright, L. Budd, & S. Ison (Eds.), Women, work and transport (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 16, pp. 71–86). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120220000016006
Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad. (2019). Trabajar sin dejar de vivir: Mejores prácticas de integración vida-trabajo en México. https://imco.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2019_21_10_Trabajarsindejardevivir_Toolkit.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. (2021). Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares (ENDIREH) 2021: Presentación ejecutiva. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/endireh/2021/doc/endireh2021_presentacion_ejecutiva.pdf
Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres. (2012). Guía para la implementación del modelo de equidad de género. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/27227/Guia-meg-2012.pdf
Lefebvre, H. (1968). Le droit à la ville. Anthropos.
Mahdawi, D., & Evans, J. (2022). ‘Not like other women’: Understanding the barriers for women in the transport sector and the role of trade unions. En T. Wright, L. Budd, & S. Ison (Eds.), Women, work and transport (Transport and Sustainability, Vol. 16, pp. 339–355). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120220000016021
MOTOsafety. (2025). MOTOsafety GPS tracker. https://www.motosafety.com
Nigam, S. (2010). Breaking the barriers: Women in logistics. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2428088
OneStep GPS. (2025). OneStep GPS tracking. https://www.onestepgps.com
Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (2022). Guía práctica para las empresas sobre violencia y acoso en el trabajo. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_dialogue/%40act_emp/documents/publication/wcms_862627.pdf
Pereira, R. H., Schwanen, T., & Banister, D. (2017). Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660
Plambeck, E. L., & Ramdas, K. (2020). Alleviating poverty by empowering women through business model innovation: Manufacturing & service operations management insights and opportunities. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 22(1), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0844
Procuraduría Federal de la Defensa del Trabajo. (2020). Protocolo para detectar, atender y acompañar a personas usuarias de la PROFEDET en casos de hostigamiento y acoso sexual y laboral. https://www.profedet.gob.mx/Profedet/archivos/protocolos/Protocolo_Hostigamiento_y_Acoso_PROFEDET.pdf
Raj, R., Singh, A., Kumar, V., De, T., & Singh, S. (2023). Assessing the e-commerce last-mile logistics’ hidden risk hurdles. Discover Internet of Things, 3, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disa.2023.100040
Reddit user. (2024). Does anyone actually subscribe to OnStar? [Comment]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/chevycolorado/comments/1c6e72g
Reynolds, S. (2024). Women in supply chain leadership: Barriers and opportunities [Preprint]. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202406.0499.v1
Rubery, J., Távora, I., Herman, E., Winton, A., & Castillo Larraín, A. (2024). Women workers on the frontline and the Coronavirus pandemic. En M. Rönnmar & S. Hayter (Eds.), Making and breaking gender inequalities in work (pp. 54–74). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035337477.00013
Secretaría de las Mujeres de la Ciudad de México. (s. f.). Programas. https://semujeres.cdmx.gob.mx/programas
Secretaría de Movilidad de la Ciudad de México. (2021). Programa integral de seguridad vial de la Ciudad de México (PISVI 2021–2024). https://www.semovi.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/PISVI-2021-2024_.pdf
Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social. (2020). Modelo de protocolo para prevenir, atender y erradicar la violencia laboral en los centros de trabajo. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/539287/Protocolo_Violencia_Laboral_0603-1amGMX__1_.pdf
Singh, S. (2024). Bringing women back to work in the post-pandemic world. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.19082
Soja, E. W. (2010). Seeking spatial justice. University of Minnesota Press.
Spytec. (2025). Spytec GPS tracker. https://www.spytec.com
Subramanian, R. S., Nalini, M., Anish, T. P., Maheswari, B., Pajila, P. J. B., Girija, P., & Ezhilvendan, M. (2024). Leveraging modern technology for gender equity and economic development. En Advances in human resources management and organizational development (pp. 107–132). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3876-6.ch005
Swarnalatha, E., Donthoju, R., Rentapala, S., & Bhumika, P. (2024). Microcontroller based women safety tracker device. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 530–534. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/ijisrt24apr851
Tech.co. (2025). Samsara vs. Motive: Fleet management comparison. https://tech.co/fleet-management/samsara-vs-motive
Tech.co. (2025). Samsara vs. Motive: Fleet management comparison. https://tech.co/fleet-management/samsara-vs-motive
TKStar. (2025). GPS tracker TK905. https://www.tk-star.com/product/TK905-4G.html
Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación. (2024). Protocolo para la prevención y actuación frente a casos de violencia laboral. https://www.te.gob.mx/editorial_service/media/pdf/090420241400202840.pdf
Unidad de Inteligencia del Mercado Laboral. (2023). Personas trabajadoras de reparto en plataformas digitales: Contexto y desafíos (Documento de trabajo No. 1). https://simel.mtps.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Personas-trabajadoras-de-reparto-en-plataformas-digitales-Documento-de-Trabajo-N%C2%B0-1-2023.pdf
Viper. (2025). Viper SmartStart. https://www.viper.com/smartstart
Yang, B., Subramanian, N., & Al Harthy, S. (2024). Are gender diversity issues a hidden problem in logistics and supply chain management? Building research themes through a systematic literature review. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 30(5), 100937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pursup.2024.100937
Yousuf, R., & Majid, Z. (2023). Navigating the risks: A look at dangerous goods logistics management for women in logistics. En N. A. Abdul Rahman & N. Mohd Nur (Eds.), Women in aviation (pp. 161–174). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3098-2_12
ZeekGPS. (2024). ¿Cuánto cuesta un servicio de rastreo satelital en México? https://zeekgps.com/cuanto-cuesta-un-servicio-de-rastreo-satelital-en-mexico/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
